THAMM Nicolle Disc Paper Final Draft 02072021 Cleared.docx
economic – migration from North Africa to Europe: 51
Figure 8: Trend in total annual emigration from Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia to France, Spain, Italy and Germany (1964-2008)
1964-1973, Recruitment of foreign workers and promotion of emigration. During the 1960s and especially in the early 1970s, there was a demand- driven increase in emigration from Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. Young men with low qualifications in particular migrated as workers to Northern and Western Europe (France, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands); 1974-1995, Consolidation of migrant communities in Europe. From 1973 to the mid-1990s, emigration from Algeria decreased sharply, while emigration from Morocco and Tunisia remained relatively stable. At the same time, migrant communities were consolidating in Europe through family reunification and naturalization. 1995 to the present day, Multiplication of migratory patterns. Since the mid-1990s, emigration from Morocco has been increasing rapidly especially to Spain and Italy, while there has been only a moderate increase in emigration from Tunisia and Algeria. At the same time, the profile of migrants is changing: on the one hand, irregular migration is increasing considerably, on the other hand, the level of education of migrants is on average significantly higher than in the past. Although since the 1960s there has also been organized labour emigration to other European countries, such as Germany, Belgium, or the Netherlands, it was not until the 1980s that Maghrebi emigration shifted more to other destinations, above all to Spain and Italy. Until the 1980s, France was the main destination for North African emigration because of the historical links, colonial period, close economic and political cooperation that developed over the decades between France and the three countries. The figure below provides an overview of the geographic diversification of North African emigration over the past few decades, showing that France's share is declining, while those of Spain and Italy are sharply increasing.
Figure 9: Evolution of total annual emigration from Algeria to France, Spain, Italy and Germany (1964-2014)
Figure 10: Evolution of total annual emigration from Morocco to France, Spain, Italy and Germany (1964-2014)
51 Idem. The precise distribution of the three phases also varies by country of destination, as data are not available for all periods in all countries. For example, the period for France is from 1964 to 2008, for Germany from 1965 to 2014, for Italy from 1980 to 2010 and for Spain
from 1988 to 2011. Sources: for France, Spain, and Italy: DEMIG C2C Database (DEMIG 2015a); for Germany: 1965-2009, DEMIG C2C Database (DEMIG 2015a); for 2010-2014,the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees / Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge (BAMF 2016: 172).
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