THAMM Nicolle Disc Paper Final Draft 02072021 Cleared.docx

Figure 16: First permits issued for education reasons to Moroccan students (annual duration) 2015-2019 – Eurostat 2021

Figure 19: First permits issued for education reasons to Libyan students (annual duration) 2015-2019 – Eurostat 2021

Figure 17: First permits issued for education reasons to Algerian students (annual duration) 2015-2019 – Eurostat 2021

Figure 20: First permits issued for education reasons to Egyptian students (annual duration) 2015-2019 – Eurostat

Figure 18: First permits issued for education reasons to Tunisian students (annual duration) 2015-2019 – Eurostat 2021

In the labour market, qualified or highly qualified North Africans ('advanced education') are often particularly exposed to unemployment: 30% for Morocco (2003), 29% for Tunisia (2017), and 22% for Egypt (2018) according to the World Bank and ILOSTAT. 64 The causes generally mentioned, beyond the difficult economic context, are often the same: 'skills mismatch and lack of opportunities', 'low salaries and absence of reward', 'lack of adequate opportunities', 'nepotism and lack of network'. 65 The socioeconomic situation and lack of professional perspectives are important push factors for international migration from North Africa. As highlighted by Almalki (2011), ‘with the opening of certain professions to immigrants, the countries of the South participate in the development of the countries of the North.’ 66 These

64 https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.ADVN.ZS?locations=MA- TN-EG-DZ 65 Focus Group Discussion, Tunisian and Moroccan students – virtual discussion conducted in June 2021.

66 Almalki, R. (2011). Vous avez dit : immigration choisie ?. Cités, 2(2), 113-118.

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