THAMM Nicolle Disc Paper Final Draft 02072021 Cleared.docx

this is especially true for low skilled Extra-EU migrants (e.g. personal care workers in health service, drivers, transport and storage labourers, food processing workers). 81

Figure 24: Share of (extra-EU) immigrant women working in each of the key occupations – EUFL 2018

Cleaners and Helpers Personal Care Workers

Drivers and Mobile Plant… Market-oriented Skilled Forestry ICT Technicians Market-oriented Skilled… Refuse workers Science & Engineering… ICT professionals Labourers in Mining,… Food processing Science & Engineering… Stationary Plant and… Personal Service Workers Health professionals Teaching professionals Health associate professionals

Figure 23: Share of immigrants among key workers, by occupation – EUFL 2018

Market-oriented Skilled… Market-oriented Skilled… Science & Engineering… ICT Technicians Teaching professionals Refuse workers Health professionals Health associate… Science & Engineering… ICT professionals Personal Service Workers Drivers and Mobile Plant… Food processing Personal Care Workers Stationary Plant and… Labourers in Mining,… Cleaners and Helpers

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Impact of COVID on migrant workers

The COVID-19 pandemic has refocused the attention on the challenging working conditions of migrants in some sectors, in particular the agricultural sector (Borges and Huet 2020). Despite their essential roles in most EU countries, seasonal workers and key workers from Morocco, Tunisia, and to a lower extent Algeria still suffer from very low wages, as well as poor living and working conditions. This section focuses on the specific vulnerabilities that have particularly affected and continue to affect migrant workers during the pandemic.

0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

Extra EU EU migrants

Broken down by gender, the EUFL (2018) data analysed by Fasani and Mazza (2020), show that six categories of key occupations (personal care workers, cleaners and helpers, health associated professionals, teaching professionals, health professionals and personal service workers) are significantly female-dominated, while all the others have a majority of male workers. This pattern is similar for both native and immigrant workers. Figure 8 reports the share of (extra-EU) immigrant women working in each of the key occupations. Six categories of occupations - personal care workers, cleaners and helpers, health associated professionals, teaching professionals, health professionals and personal service workers - are clearly female dominated, displaying shares of women above 50%, while all the other occupations have a majority of male workers.

Migration-related issues

Due to the travel restrictions and border closures imposed by governments globally, several migrants – including seasonal workers and international students – were stranded and unable to continue their journey and remain stranded in transit countries, and many others could not leave and return to their countries of origin. In the first few months of the crisis, Moroccan and Tunisian migrants who were on temporary visa or residence

81 Graph from Fasani, F. and Mazza, J. (2020) Immigrant Key Workers: Their Contribution to Europe's COVID -19 Response. IZA Policy Paper No. 155: ‘For each occupation, the bars report the percentage of immigrants over total key workers for each occupation. EU mobile citizens are all

those workers who are born in a Member State other than the one where they currently work and reside. Extra-EU migrants are all those workers who are born outside of the Union.’

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